Ethernet is the standard technology for wired local area networks (LANs), connecting devices like computers, printers, and servers via cables (typically twisted-pair or fiber) to a network switch or router. Standardized as IEEE 802.3, it enables reliable, high-speed data transmission, with speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to 800 Gbps, and is known for its speed and security compared to Wi-Fi. It uses twisted-pair copper cables (e.g., Cat5, Cat6 with RJ45 connectors) or fiber-optic cables to transmit data. The devices connect to a switch, which acts as a traffic controller to direct data to the correct destination. It uses the CSMA/CD protocol (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) to manage data flow and prevent signal collisions, though modern switched networks largely avoid these issues. Data is transmitted in "frames," which include the source and destination MAC addresses. Generally it is faster and more stable than Wi-Fi because it is not affected by radio interference. It requires a physical connection, making it harder to intercept than wireless signals. It is capable of delivering power to devices (like IP cameras or VoIP phones) through the same cable, up to 90W. Modern Ethernet uses twisted pair and fiber, supporting speeds up to 800 Gbps. It is widely essential for office networks, data centers, and home, particularly for applications requiring high bandwidth and low latency.
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