Optical transmission is the process of sending data, voice, or video signals as light pulses through fiber-optic cables. It converts electrical signals into light (often infrared), which travels via total internal reflection through glass or plastic fibers, providing high-speed, long-distance, and secure communication. It multiplexes multiple signals with different wavelengths onto a single fiber, significantly boosting capacity. Single-mode is used for long distances; multimode is used for shorter distances. High Bandwidth makes it far exceeding the capacity of copper cables. It has minimal signal loss over long distances and immune to electrical noise. They are commonly used in backbone of internet and telephone networks, high-speed data interconnects, fiber optic sensors for, among other things, structural health monitoring.
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